Restless Legs Syndrome

What is it?

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is an irresistible urge to move the legs while at rest. A person with RLS will experience a vague, uncomfortable feeling only relieved by moving the legs. The symptoms of RLS may be present all day long, making it difficult for an individual to sit motionless. Or they may be present only in the late evening. Late evening symptoms can lead to sleep onset insomnia, which tends to compound the effects of RLS.

How common is restless legs syndrome?

Restless legs syndrome is estimated to affect 5% of the population. Approximately 80% of people with RLS have periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS), though many people with PLMS do not experience RLS.

Who is at risk?

The precise cause of RLS is unknown and is most likely multifactorial.

• Middle-aged and elderly people
• Pregnant women
• Patients with chronic kidney disease
• Patients with iron deficiency anaemia
• Those with a parent who experiences RLS (which suggests a genetic link)
• People on antidepressant medication.
• Nerve damage
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Diabetes

Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep (PLMS)

Periodic limb movements of sleep involve uncontrollable jerking of the legs or, occasionally, the arms during sleep. These recurring movements can be severe enough to wake the sleeper. In other cases, the person sleeps, but only lightly, since the jerks rouse them from deep slumber without waking them. The result may be poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue. The jerking can increase or decrease in severity from one night to the next, for no apparent reason.

Diagnosis

Restless legs syndrome is assessed from your symptoms and medical history. Your sleep physician will explain whether additional tests are needed.

An overnight sleep study can identify periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS), which frequently occur with RLS. A diagnosis of periodic limb movement disorder requires a clinical assessment as well as the sleep-study findings.

What treatments are available for RLS?

Restless legs symptoms can be improved by iron replacement if iron levels are low. Simple measures such as walking or pacing can provide short-term relief. Frequent or severe symptoms can be treated with daily medication, usually taken at night 1–2 hours before symptoms usually develop. A number of medications are effective, and in more severe cases a combination of medications may be required.